Kuman ada di sekeliling kita. Tetapi, jangan khuatir. Kebanyakannya adalah tidak merbahaya. Ada yang memberi manfaat, seperti bakteria dalam usus yang membantu penghadaman. Apa yang penting adalah melindungi keluarga anda daripada kuman yang menyebabkan jangkitan.
Bagaimana kuman tersebar?
Bakteria merbahaya dan kuman lain boleh dibawa ke rumah melalui pengunjung atau pun haiwan peliharaan, atau pun makanan dan minuman yang tercemar.
Bagaimana ia tersebar kepada kita? Membersih permukaan tercemar tanpa kebersihan yang sewajarnya (seperti memakai kain yang tidak dibasuh dengan kerap) boleh menyebarkan kuman ke kawasan lain. Tanpa anda sedari, kita juga mengutip kuman pada tangan. Ia boleh disebarkan melalui apa-apa saja benda yang kita sentuh, sehinggalah kita membasuh tangan.
Jika seseorang mengalami penyakit berjangkit seperti selesema, titisan air kecil dari mulut mereka membawa kuman ke dalam udara apabila mereka batuk, bersin atau pun bernafas. Ia boleh mencemarkan apa jua permukaan, atau menjangkiti orang lain yang menghirup udara.
Inilah yang dipanggil rantaian jangkitan – bakteria merbahaya dan kuman lain dipindahkan dari seseorang kepada orang lain dan menyebabkan jangkitan. Mujurlah rantaian ini boleh diputuskan.
Memutuskan rantaian jangkitan
Cara terbaik untuk menghalang penyebaran kuman adalah melalui kebersihan yang baik. Berikut adalah cara yang dapat membantu:
Basuh tangan dengan kerap – terutama sekali sebelum makan, sebelum dan selepas menyediakan makanan, dan selepas batuk, bersin atau menggunakan tandas atau menyalin lampin.
Tutup hidung atau mulut dengan tisu apabila anda batuk atau bersin. Terus buang mana-mana tisu yang telah digunakan ke dalam tong sampah dan basuh tangan anda.
Uruskan dan sediakan makanan dengan selamat. Bersihkan tangan dan permukaan dengan kerap, asingkan makanan yang mentah dan telah dimasak, masak makanan dengan teliti dan sejukkan makanan yang segar dan dimasak untuk memperlahankan pertumbuhan bakteria.
Vaksin (atau imunisasi) adalah kaedah terbaik untuk melindungi diri daripada jangkitan serius. Pastikan keluarga anda diberikan vaksin terkini yang disarankan oleh pakar penjagaan kesihatan.
Bersihkan dan basmi kuman permukaan dengan kerap, terutama sekali permukaan yang bersentuhan dengan makanan dan yang kerap dipegang seperti pili, pemegang pintu dan telefon.
Bersih atau basmi kuman: Apa perbezaannya?
Membersih bermaksud menanggalkan kotoran dan kuman tertentu, biasanya menggunakan bahan pencuci dan membilas dengan air panas. Untuk barang-barang kecil (seperti kutleri dan alat memasak), ia sudah cukup untuk ia selamat digunakan.
Membasmi kuman bermaksud membunuh kebanyakan kuman yang ada. Ia amat penting untuk permukaan yang besar dan tetap, di mana membilas sahaja tidak cukup (seperti kaunter memasak, tandas, sinki dan gagang telefon). Membasmi permukaan ini dengan kerap adalah satu-satunya cara untuk menghalang penyebaran kuman dan bakteria merbahaya.
Ingat, rumah yang bersih pun masih boleh diceroboh oleh bakteria merbahaya. Layari laman web kami untuk maklumat lanjut tentang penyakit yang biasa dijangkiti dan nasihat untuk melindungi diri anda dan keluarga tersayang.
Showing posts with label virus. Show all posts
Showing posts with label virus. Show all posts
Thursday, 7 May 2015
Video teknologi dalam bidang mikrobiologi
Thursday, 2 April 2015
Virus
What is virus?
A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms. Viruses can infect all types of life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea.
When discovered?
Since Dmitri Ivanovsky's 1892 article describing a non-bacterial pathogen infecting tobacco plants, and the discovery of the tobacco mosaic virus by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898,about 5,000 viruses have been described in detail, although there are millions of different types. Viruses are found in almost every ecosystem on Earth and are the most abundant type of biological entity. The study of viruses is known as virology, a sub-speciality of microbiology.
Body and shape:
Virus particles (known as virions) consist of two or three parts:
i) the genetic material made from either DNA or RNA, long molecules that carry genetic information;
ii) a protein coat that protects these genes; and in some cases
iii) an envelope of lipids that surrounds the protein coat when they are outside a cell.
The shapes of viruses range from simple helical and icosahedral forms to more complex structures. The average virus is about one one-hundredth the size of the average bacterium. Most viruses are too small to be seen directly with an optical microscope.
Origin
The origins of viruses in the evolutionary history of life are unclear: some may have evolved from plasmids—pieces of DNA that can move between cells—while others may have evolved from bacteria. In evolution, viruses are an important means of horizontal gene transfer, which increases genetic diversity.Viruses are considered by some to be a life form, because they carry genetic material, reproduce, and evolve through natural selection. However they lack key characteristics (such as cell structure) that are generally considered necessary to count as life. Because they possess some but not all such qualities, viruses have been described as "organisms at the edge of life".
Viruses spread in many ways; viruses in plants are often transmitted from plant to plant by insects that feed on plant sap, such as aphids; viruses in animals can be carried by blood-sucking insects. These disease-bearing organisms are known as vectors. Influenza viruses are spread by coughing and sneezing. Norovirus and rotavirus, common causes of viral gastroenteritis, are transmitted by the faecal–oral route and are passed from person to person by contact, entering the body in food or water. HIV is one of several viruses transmitted through sexual contact and by exposure to infected blood. The range of host cells that a virus can infect is called its "host range". This can be narrow or, as when a virus is capable of infecting many species, broad.
A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms. Viruses can infect all types of life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea.
When discovered?
Since Dmitri Ivanovsky's 1892 article describing a non-bacterial pathogen infecting tobacco plants, and the discovery of the tobacco mosaic virus by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898,about 5,000 viruses have been described in detail, although there are millions of different types. Viruses are found in almost every ecosystem on Earth and are the most abundant type of biological entity. The study of viruses is known as virology, a sub-speciality of microbiology.
Body and shape:
Virus particles (known as virions) consist of two or three parts:
i) the genetic material made from either DNA or RNA, long molecules that carry genetic information;
ii) a protein coat that protects these genes; and in some cases
iii) an envelope of lipids that surrounds the protein coat when they are outside a cell.
The shapes of viruses range from simple helical and icosahedral forms to more complex structures. The average virus is about one one-hundredth the size of the average bacterium. Most viruses are too small to be seen directly with an optical microscope.
icosahedral virus
bacteriophage
bacteriophage under electron micrograph
Origin
The origins of viruses in the evolutionary history of life are unclear: some may have evolved from plasmids—pieces of DNA that can move between cells—while others may have evolved from bacteria. In evolution, viruses are an important means of horizontal gene transfer, which increases genetic diversity.Viruses are considered by some to be a life form, because they carry genetic material, reproduce, and evolve through natural selection. However they lack key characteristics (such as cell structure) that are generally considered necessary to count as life. Because they possess some but not all such qualities, viruses have been described as "organisms at the edge of life".
Viruses spread in many ways; viruses in plants are often transmitted from plant to plant by insects that feed on plant sap, such as aphids; viruses in animals can be carried by blood-sucking insects. These disease-bearing organisms are known as vectors. Influenza viruses are spread by coughing and sneezing. Norovirus and rotavirus, common causes of viral gastroenteritis, are transmitted by the faecal–oral route and are passed from person to person by contact, entering the body in food or water. HIV is one of several viruses transmitted through sexual contact and by exposure to infected blood. The range of host cells that a virus can infect is called its "host range". This can be narrow or, as when a virus is capable of infecting many species, broad.
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